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Prof. Igor Shishkovsk(ii)y works as a principal researcher of Laboratory of Technological Lasers at P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute (Samara branch) from 1982 and has managed a research direction (my CV enclosed).

For past years Shishkovsky I.V. are built the Basic of fabrication of functional graded meso and micro structures and 3D tools with unique physical-mechanical and physic-chemical properties. There are proposed the results of explorations of physical and physic-chemical regularities, common for processes of Selective Laser Sintering (SLS ) powder (including exothermal) compositions.

The main results of researches have been received both methods of mathematical simulation, and experimental studies. Firstly at Russia (1998), Shishkovsky I.V. has been designed and built the experimental setup for SLS process, which equipped by a soft- and hard- ware complex management of processes, graphic representation of dates on geometry of a 3D parts, the most layer -by layer SLS and its interactive diagnostic (2003-04 years ).

Shishkovsky I.V. for the first time built a self-consistent continuum physical model of interaction of a laser radiation with powder compositions, fit as for a case of a laser liquid-phase sintering, as for laser controlled overlapping of SLS ands self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS ) processes in reactionary capable powder mixtures during laser synthesis of 3D parts. Numerical model take into account the analysis of absorption and scattering processes in powder medium, definition of thermal properties of used compositions, their rheological behavior and a theoretical thermal model of SLS process (2003-05 years).

The theoretical model of 3D Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) /3D Laser Cladding/ for fine-structure powder compositions was built, that permitting to define trajectories and traveling speeds of microparticles at the collateral outflow of gas with particles from a nozzle in a gravity field in dependence on an angle of delivering together with a solution of the equations of their heating and melting in a this field (2002).

It were designed and approved the techniques for determination of optical and thermo-physical properties of powder compositions, approach for study of porous structure base on fractal approach; methodical recommendations by the searching of optimum regimes for layer by layer SLS; structurally - responsive technique of a specific resistance measurement and exploration of a shape memory effect (SME) in porous samples (1996-2001 years).

For the first time it were offered, approved in series of applications and are licensed new metal - polymer and bimetallic powder compositions (MPC and BPC) for SLS technology. Synergetic approach of several physical processes (laser treatment and a liquid-phase sintering - in case MPC; laser sintering and soldering - in case BPC) in aggregate with carrying out of an adding infiltration and annealing sintered articles (a post - process treatment) were proposed. The new degrees of freedom by management of the parameters of 3D parts with such interrelation of their physical-mechanical and physic-chemical properties which have been inaccessible earlier have allowed implementing (1995-99 years).

For the first time it was offered and in a uniform process experimental realized, the laser controlled overlapping of SLS and SHS processes in the next powder compositions: mixtures of metals for synthesis of intermetallic in the Ni - Ti, Cu/Ni - Al, Ti - Al, Fe - Ti systems; mixtures of oxides of metals for synthesis of ceramics TiO2- ZrO2- PbO, Al (Al2O3)- Zr (ZrO2); mixtures for synthesis of the barium hexaferrite and lithium ferrites - spinels from BaO2 - Fe2O3 - Cr2O3 - Fe, Li2CO3- Fe 2O3 - Cr2O3 - Fe (2004-07 years) .

For the first time, it was experimentally shows and licensed the possibility of synthesis of porous 3D parts and tools from functional graded materials and meso porous structures via SLS method. Such approach was realized as via level-by-level of concentration changing as modeling of porous structure the future 3D objects (2006-08 years) .

It were developed approaches by SLS/M of the biocompatible materials (titanium, nickel- titanium /nitinol/, the biodegradable polymers) and it were proposed the original direction by the 3D part applications through these materials in medicine (2008-12 years) .

For the first time via SLS/M methods, it were proposed and studed in detail the conditions of the layerwise synthesis of functional and functional - graded 3D parts from polymer powders with the nano-particle additives as paramagnetic FexOy, NiOy (x, y = 1..3) as biocompatible ZrO2, Al2O3, TiO2 of oxides and hydroxyapatite for the applications in the chemical catalysis and medicine, including with the assigned magnetization (2013-15 years).

Use of additive technologies (3D laser cladding, selective laser melting) for designing (in situ) a microstructure and properties of functional and gradient alloys, first proposed by us. By combinatory method of modelling we have made multilayered samples in intermetallic Ti-Al, Ni-Al, Ti-Ni-Al, Ti-Fe, Fe-Al, NiCr-Ti, NiCr-Al systems. The layers were mixes of two (sometimes three) materials with content change of initial powder composition from layer to layer in specific proportions (90:10, 80:20, 70:30 etc. by vol.), their phase diagrams also taken into account (2011-14 years).

The combinatory approach had been realized for the first time on graded metal matrix composites (MMC) based on titanium, nickel and/or cobalt matrix, with layerwise increasing content of Al2O3, TiC, TiB2, WC nano ceramics (2014-2017 years). In certain cases we recommend additional thermal heating of the initial mix and/or substrate for temperature gradient reduction in the volume of the 3D part to decrease residual stresses and propensity to delamination. Developed us (2011-17 years) the combinatory method is an effective tool for detection and design of new alloys for additive manufacturing, studying of phase-structural transformations in nonequilibrium conditions of 3D laser synthesis, and prediction of other perspective MMC and heat resisting alloys for aircraft & nuclear industries. It is absolutely new and basic our result not only for the Russian Federation industry, but also as a whole, for world AM industry too.

In recent years (2018-23), under his leadership and with his active participation at Skoltech (Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing), original approaches to 4D printing, topological design, and synthesis of unique metamaterial tools (lead-free piesoceramics, shape memory polymers and alloys for medical applications, multimaterial-gradient parts) have been developed. The concept of a digital twins of the PBF/DED processes has been created and implemented.

Awards and grants (to print in italics a current projects):

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